Solution for the Case Philips Versus Matsushita Essay Example

Solution for the Case Philips Versus Matsushita Essay Philips versus Matsushita Case summary of Philips: The company has built its success on worldwide portfolio of responsive national organizations (NO). The company was established by Gerard Philips and his father opened a small light bulb factory in Eindhoven, Holland in 1892. The company faced a tough fall. Gerald then recruited his brother Anton, a salesman and manager. In 1900 it became the 3rd largest producer of light-bulb in Europe and in 1912 Philips was incorporated. The company didn’t opt for diversification and was the leader in industrial research; it had physics and chemistry labs which were basically meant for the company’s production process. The Lab developed a tungsten filament bulb which was a great success. It came with diverse markets in Japan, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Russia, US, Canada, and France. It became a decentralized sales organization (marketing companies in 14 European countries, China, Brazil, and Australia. . It had a shared leadership with transfer of overseas assets to two trusts by late 1930’s. The organization was split to NOs and PDs. The independent NO’s great advantage was ability to sense and respond to the differences and Product development became a function of local market conditions. Research function remained independent with 8 more labs were set up in Europe and US. We will write a custom essay sample on Solution for the Case Philips Versus Matsushita specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solution for the Case Philips Versus Matsushita specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solution for the Case Philips Versus Matsushita specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In late 1960, there was a creation of common market eroding trade barriers within Europe, in 1960s audiocassette were invented but Japanese captured the market, in 1970s videocassette(v2000) were developed but was forced to abandon when North American Philips decided it to outsource which was manufactured under license from Matsushita, Over 3 decades, 7 chairmen experimented reorganizing, yet entering the new millennium, its financial performance remained poor. In 1970s rebalancing the managerial relations between Nos and PDs, Closing of least efficient local plants and converting the best to International Production Centers(IPCs), In 1982 Closed inefficient operations particularly in Europe i. e. 40 plants were shut, the company focused on core operations e. g. , welding, energy, cables, and furniture, In 1987 the company lost its leadership in consumer Electronics to Matsushita with Net profit margins of 1% 2%. The core business was of components, consumer lectronics and Telecommunication and Data systems, and lightning. The non-core businesses were spun off into joint ventures. The company reduced 3000 strong headquarters staff, and to gain firmer control over Nos, the publicly owned NAPC was repurchased for $700 million, In 1990, the company had undergone highest layoff with 15 months’ pay, the company recruited Frank Carrubba, Hewlett-Packard’s director of research and was encouraged to develop 15 core-technologies, incl uding CD-I, DCC, HDTV, and Multimedia softwares. By early 1998, betting on â€Å"digital revolution† the company planned to focus on established technologies such as cellular phones, digital TV, digital videodisc, and web TV. MATSUSHITA: The Global competitiveness based on its centralized, highly efficient operations in Japan. It was formed in 1918 by Konosuke Matsushita with Y100 producing double-ended sockets. The company introduced TV sets in 1952, transistor radios in 1958, color TVs, dishwashers, and Electric ovens in 1960. Innovating division had earned substantial profits; new division for innovation was introduced. One- product- one-division† was followed. Each division paid 60%earnings to headquarters and Product development and engineering occurred in product divisions. In 1951, the company found no American company willing to collaborate; the best which was done was technology Exchange and Licensing agreement with Philips. The company expanded through color TV. In 1953, it opened 1st overseas branch office, and shifted production to low-wage countries, In 1980, it built Global leadership through VCRs. The company won the 1st place in Consumer Electronics industry with the birth of VCR, between 1977 to 1985, the capacity increased to 6. 8 million units. In the mid 1980s, Matsushita had over 700 expatriate Japanese managers and technicians on foreign assignment. General managers of foreign subsidiaries had to visit Osaka headquarters at least 2-3 times each year or some even months. In 1990, the company launched â€Å"operation localization† to boost the offshore production from less than 10% to 25% or half of international sales. In 1986, the company felt that no sufficient attention was given to international development as they got only 3% royalty for foreign production against 10%return on sales for exports from Japan. All foreign subsidiaries were bought under the control of METC. At the end of 1989, company generated huge reserves. By the end of 2000, 160 factories outside Japan employed 1,40,000 people and investments were made in Ramp;D partnerships and technical exchanges. In April 2000, profits were 2. 2%on sales, and in November 2000 there was a rise in company’s earnings. A COMPARISON: Philips | Matsushita| Decentralization| Centralization| Incentive systems| Profit distribution policy| Large funds allocated for R amp; D| CRL was majorly funded by the product divisions. | Country wise division of organization. | One product one division focus. | High costs of manufacturing. | Efficiency in using the local resources. | Attempts at Reorganization of Philips: a) REASONS FOR CHANGE: i) Creation of common European market eroded rationale for country level subsidiaries. i) New transistor based technologies demanded larger production runs at fewer larger facilities   Ã‚  iii) Ability to bring innovations to market began to falter (e. g. microwave oven) b) RATIO ANALYSIS * Operating ratio = ( operating profit/sales)*100 In the year, 2000 = 11. 31% 1995 = 6. 3% 1990 = 3. 77% 1985 = 4. 5% 1980 = 4. 31% 1975 = 4. 6% 970 = NA * Return on total assets = net income available to common stock holders/stock holders equity 2000=56% 1995=23% 1990=22% 1985=31% 1980=33% 1975=33% 1970=33% * Contribution by sectors (revenue wise): 1985 Professional products or systems 1990,95,2000 Consumer electronics * Contribution by sectors(profit wise): 1985 Professional products or systems 1990 Consumer electronics 1995,2000 Components or semiconductors PROBLEMS OF PHILIPS: Philips’ decline of success over the last thirty years has been mainly down to the lack of consistency and the lack of ability to deal with a changing competitive international environment. * A problematic area for Philips has been the struggle to balance the respective roles and power of the National Organizations (NOs) and the Product Divisions (PDs). * Philips used to have a dual management system, which historically worked for the Philips brothers. This desire to recreate the past as opposed to changing and looking to the future shows a weakness in Philips culture. RECOMMENDATIONS: * Investment in Ramp;D and marketing may be the only way in which its can match the low-cost Ja panese advantage of efficiency. * Develop a good strategy * Philips also needs to find the correct structure to suit its operations and its strategy. As Mintzberg (1990) says, ‘structure follows strategy as the left foot follows the right’. PROBLEMS OF MATSUSHITA: Matsushita has never been an innovative company, its main capabilities have always been the ability to mass produce and at low price, due to its production techniques and the fact that it produces in a low cost area of the world Historically, the high level of centralisation and the tall structure have hindered Matsushita’s innovation attempts After the collapse of the Japanese economy left Matsushita with excess capacity and evaporating profits, restructuring was certainly necessary, but took many years until anything was done to correct the situation. This shows that Matsushita was also slow to manage the changes in the external environment RECOMMENDATIONS: A bottom up strategy could have been used. As the company had a diversification strategy, it should have gone for divisionalised structure rather than a centralized structure. Production centres must have allowed the subsidiaries more freedom so that an environment of Innovation would have been created. CONCLUSION: Overall, it is relatively apparent that both organisations have seen better days. We believe that both companies should focus on their own capabilities instead of trying to match each others. Also, they should use different approaches to change, as their previous attempts have proved unsuccessful. Philips needs to see this latest change as a genuine one, and needs to avoid considering it as just another new strategic direction. If it does this, and everyone is involved and committed, then we feel that they can return to the success they enjoyed last century. The prognosis is similar for Matsushita, as if its management engage in consultation with its workforce when undergoing its large-scale restructuring programme and carefully analyse the dynamic relationship between strategy and structure when doing so, its restructuring programme has every chance of succeeding. Thus, Matsushita may once again be able to return to the levels of success it .

Free Essays on Free Will Vs Determinism

Free Will Vs. Determinism Psychological theories of personality and behavior can be placed on a continuum between Determinism, the belief that who we are is largely governed by outside forces, and Free Will, which obviously assumes that who we are is a result of the choices we make.(Abascal p. 19) Nobody can predict how something as complex as the human brain would behave under all circumstances. With more than ten thousand million nerve cells, each connected to thousands of it’s neighbors, the human nervous system would defy detailed prediction even if the matter of which it is made behaved according to classically determinate physical laws. To some people this may be a comforting thought. The idea is widespread that if any of our actions could be predicted from knowledge of the state of our brains, we would have to be denied responsibility for them. Others might go further and argue that even if in practice nobody could make successful predictions of our actions, any suggestion that in principle they were physically determined would rule out the possibility that they could be determined by our conscious thinking and deciding. Our future actions in that case would be â€Å"inevitable†( the argument runs), and we could take no more responsibility for them than fo r the future of the solar system. ( qtd. In Gregory 191) Determinism, the view that the state of the world at any instant determines a unique future, and that knowledge of all the positions of things and the prevailing natural forces would permit an intelligence to predict the future state of the world with absolute precision. This view was advanced by Laplace in the early nineteenth century; he was inspired by Newton’s success at integrating our physical knowledge of the world.(â€Å"Determinism† A197-98) Contemporary determinist do not believe that Newtonian physics is the supreme theory. Some do not even believe that all theories will someday be integrated int... Free Essays on Free Will Vs Determinism Free Essays on Free Will Vs Determinism Free Will Vs. Determinism Psychological theories of personality and behavior can be placed on a continuum between Determinism, the belief that who we are is largely governed by outside forces, and Free Will, which obviously assumes that who we are is a result of the choices we make.(Abascal p. 19) Nobody can predict how something as complex as the human brain would behave under all circumstances. With more than ten thousand million nerve cells, each connected to thousands of it’s neighbors, the human nervous system would defy detailed prediction even if the matter of which it is made behaved according to classically determinate physical laws. To some people this may be a comforting thought. The idea is widespread that if any of our actions could be predicted from knowledge of the state of our brains, we would have to be denied responsibility for them. Others might go further and argue that even if in practice nobody could make successful predictions of our actions, any suggestion that in principle they were physically determined would rule out the possibility that they could be determined by our conscious thinking and deciding. Our future actions in that case would be â€Å"inevitable†( the argument runs), and we could take no more responsibility for them than fo r the future of the solar system. ( qtd. In Gregory 191) Determinism, the view that the state of the world at any instant determines a unique future, and that knowledge of all the positions of things and the prevailing natural forces would permit an intelligence to predict the future state of the world with absolute precision. This view was advanced by Laplace in the early nineteenth century; he was inspired by Newton’s success at integrating our physical knowledge of the world.(â€Å"Determinism† A197-98) Contemporary determinist do not believe that Newtonian physics is the supreme theory. Some do not even believe that all theories will someday be integrated int...

Disaster Recovery Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disaster Recovery Planning - Essay Example This article looks at the various essential elements of disaster recovery planning how NIST guidelines can be applied to implement a disaster recovery plan. Physical risks for business include and are not restricted to natural calamities like Earth Quakes, Storms, and Floods etc. Fire accidents, power failures, Use of Unsafe machinery and Equipment all come under Physical Risks. Malfunctioning of Individual units in a system, Network Cables, Cable tapping are some of the physical factors that pose risk to a Business (Cooper, 1995). Physical risks to a business also include risks to the physically existing things like buildings, the computers, related media and equipment. Few of the physical risks are mentioned below. Natural Calamities: Natural Calamities like Earth Quakes, Storms and Floods disrupt any business and their corresponding data that is stored. A single quake can destroy entire business information in no time and nullify its existence. Continuous monitoring of this information and assessing the risks that these factors cause, becomes an important issue. All business data and resources (movable and immovable) are at stake if risk due to these factors is not analyzed. Malfunctioning of Cables and Other C... All business data and resources (movable and immovable) are at stake if risk due to these factors is not analyzed. Malfunctioning of Cables and Other Components: Another major risk faced by the business is due to the improper functioning of components present in a system or the Network cables that make up the backbone of any network. Hardware faults are inevitable, so nullifying them will not be possible. Their affect could be equally frustrating and annoying. Even these cause many problems to the organizations that include data loss, increased response time, network congestions, and un-timely break up of systems and temporary stagnation of work (Cooper, 1995). Managing these risks is not only necessary but also very important for the growth of an organization. Trashing: Trashing, also known as dumpster diving is a possible physical risk commonly found in the corporate sector. In this method, sensitive data is searched for in the trash and most of the times, the crackers become successful. History has proved that many industrial spies achieved remarkable success with this approach. It is common for crackers to find useful information in used tape drives, disks and discarded print outs. Crackers often find computer manuals, passwords and other information in them. All sensitive data that should not be saved will be saved and can be easily recoverable from trash. This becomes the initial point for the risks. A cracker sees a highway ahead to breach the system with this approach (Cooper, 1995). Eaves Dropping: Business data may be prone to interception with this approach, commonly known as Eaves dropping. It is a known fact that upon pressing a key on the keyboard, Electro Magnetic waves will be generated